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ถ้าผมอธิบายแล้วงง ลองไปอ่านอันนี้แล้วกัน สงสัยอะไรถามดีกว่านะครับเพราะ หาก อ่านหมดแล้วไม่ถาม แสดงว่าไม่สงสัยอะไร คือ มันเคลียร์ ด้วยคำตอบ ทุกอย่างในตัวมันเอง
The Theory of Everything
by Franklin Hu
This article will attempt to describe a Theory of Everything that draws a single unbroken thread through many unexplained physical phenomenon. It will start with the very structure of space and expand to provide possible explanations for the matter/energy relationship, anti-matter, Plancks constant, hydrogen spectra, atomic structure, magnetism, electrostatic force, gravity, dark energy, time-dialation, strong force, mass, inertia, and atomic chemical properties. This theory is only described here as a high level summary and each paragraph deserves a more detailed treatment and justification, so this is just a start. This theory generally summarizes ideas that I have previously posted on the usenet. These can be found by searching for franklinhu@yahoo.com.
If you would like a short summary of the theory, you can see my shorter summary version.
See short summary of the theory.
So here goes
The fundamental building blocks of the universe consist only of the positron and electron. Bound together, these form a neutral neutrino-like particle. This particle fills all of empty space and makes up the aether of empty space. It can be thought of as a matrix of alternating protons and electrons and forms a crystal structure like salt (NaCl). Electromagnetic waves travel through the crystal neutrino sea.
See the article "What is the aether?"
It is commonly assumed that the existence of the aether was disproved by the Michelson-Morley interferometer experiments (MMX). However, nothing could be further from the truth. At best, the results were inconclusive. More precise results from work done by Dayton Miller on the MMX now appear to correlate with recent data from the COBE cosmic backround radiation satellite.
See Confirmation of Aether drift direction from COBE CMBR/Dayton Miller.
Even today, the question of an aether is far from dead in even mainstream science. There have been some recent results in 2005 pointing to non-null results for MMX type experiments from rotating cryogenic cavities.
See Non-Null results of recent MMX type experiments
Due to the almost completely neutral nature of the neutrino sea, we do not detect it. We can only detect extra positrons and electrons which do not belong to neutrino sea. If you send a sufficiently high energy electromagnetic wave (gamma ray) though the aether, you can break apart a neutrino and eject an electron from the matrix and it also ejects a positron. The positron is what anti-matter is. The energy required to eject a matter/anti-matter pair goes according to E = mc^2 because there are 2 particles which must be accelerated to the speed of light in order to break the neutrino bond. The kinetic energy required is 1/2 mv^2 where v is the velocity of light. The energy of the 2 particles (matter/anti-matter) added up produce the formula E=mc^2. The act of breaking the neutrino bond consumes all of the kinetic energy leaving the newly freed particles with zero resulting kinetic energy.
See the article "What Does E=mc^2 Really Mean"
We have described the positron, electron and neutron. But what is a proton? A proton is really just a combination of a neutron and a positron. We normally think of the proton as the opposite of an electron, but this is not the case. Only the positron is the opposite of the electron. The proton is a composite object containing 2 positrions and an electron. This explains why experiments have shown 3 point like objects inside of the proton, but nothing inside of an electron which is truly a fundamental particle. The commonly accepted theory is that protons and neutrons are composed of 3 quarks which carry fractional 1/3 charges. This is entirely unnecessary because it is much easier to think of everything as being composed of only whole charge positrons and electrons. This is supported by radioactive decay where a proton does in fact decay into a neutron and a proton.
See the article Quarks do not exist. Everything is made up of positrons and electrons
Since electromagnetic waves travel through the aether, the aether determines a fundamental unit of length and of energy. The size of the aether particle determines the smallest possible dimension. Nothing which moves can move in a unit which is smaller than the dimension of the aether particle. Since distance is quantized, this also quantizes the amount of energy that can be stored in the aether. The aether acts as if it were attached with tiny springs and the energy is stored in the springs when they are stretched or compressed. Since distance comes in fixed amounts, the amount of energy stored in the springs also comes in fixed amounts.
This fixed amount of energy expresses itself in Plancks constant. All electromagnetic energy must come in some fixed multiple of Plancks constant and is a direct consequence of the dimensions of the aether particle. Plancks constant itself fundamentally expresses the minimum amount of energy contained In a single electromagnetic wave cycle of any frequency. The amplitude of a wave can be greater by some multiple of Plancks constant, but can never be less.
See article "What does planck's constant really mean"
The fixed dimension of an aether particle also controls the position of an electron around a proton. An electrons distance can only exist as multiples of the size of the aether particle. The electrostatic force is proportional to 1/r^2 where r is the width of an aether particle. The Rydberg constant ( R ) represents the amount of energy an electron has when it is separated from a proton by 1 aether particle. The energy for positions further away trivally follows the equation E = R/n^2 where n represents any integer since the distance can only come in whole integer values. The Balmer formula follows from this relationship and explains the spectra of the hydrogen atom.
See Predicting the spectra of hydrogen
This can also be extended to calulate the spectra of other atoms like helium. This is something that current theory cannot do because it is considered a complex "multi-body" problem. However, if the electrons are not orbiting, but instead just bouncing fixed distances away from the nucleus, then the spectra should be calculated using Rydberg-like formulas.
See article "Calculating the spectra of helium"
The spectra is only generated while a hydrogen atom is ionized and the path of the electron is a random vertical movement from level to level around the proton like a jumping bean. It emits electromagnetic radiation as long as there is enough energy to ionize the electron. When there isnt enough energy to ionize the electron, it falls back to the center of the atom as is classically predicted. At this point, the proton and electron are statically bound together like two magnets. The electron is not moving around the proton in any manner in the ground state which explains why electrons do not emit electromagnetic energy in the ground state. All electrons fall back to the center of the atom in the ground state. When an electron falls back onto an atom, it generates light electromagnetic energy.
See How light it is generated by atoms
The aether also mediates the magnetic force. The aether particles have a small dipole which causes one side to be slightly positive and the other to be negative. This causes them to tend to line up positive facing negative. Moving electric charges tend to line up the aether particles in a direction which aligns with the direction of the moving electric charge. Whereever we see an alignment of the aether particles, we see magnetic lines of force. When the aether particles are lined up facing positive to positive, it causes a repelling, while when lined up positive to negative, causes an attraction. So the magnetic force is created by the electrostatic forces generated by alignment the aether. This unites the magnetic force with the electrostatic force.
See How the Magnetic Field Works
One significant area where science has misunderstood the magnetic field, is the orientation of the magnetic field which is conventionally shown running from pole to pole. This view is incorrect because if we think of a magnet as being the same as a nail which has a coil of wire wrapped around it, the electrons are circling the axis of the nail and should be creating magnetic field lines which align with the loops of the wire. This is 90 degress way from the conventionally defined field. If we think of magnetic fields using this new convention, then the action of magnets on charged particles becomes much more intuitive.
See article "Did science get the direction of the magnetic field wrong?"
The basic electrostatic force between protons and electrons is caused by protons and electrons oscillating out of phase. Particles which oscillate in phase, repel while particles that oscillate out of phase attract. The oscillation of the particles is caused by random thermal energy which makes the particles ring like bells at a specific frequency and phase. These oscillations are carried by the aether out through space and are the fundamental cause of electrostatic attraction.
See article "What causes the electrostatic force?"
The oscillation which is just the resonant frequency of positrons and electrons sets the smallest amount of time for anything in the universe to change state. So there is a smallest dimension of space and there is a smallest dimension of time. This creates a universal galactic "clock" tick like the clock in a computer. This defines time and we can ask if we can go back in time and solve the grandfather paradox.
See article "What is time?"
The proton and electron are not symmetric. The protons are typically bound to a material while the electrons are relatively free to wander. The asymmetry leads to situation where a typical mass will have more protons than electrons, or will somehow have a slightly positive charge. This slight charge imbalance added up over the mass of the Earth makes for a very large positive charge field coming from the Earth and other massive objects. This positive field pulls on any neutral matter like a charged balloon attracts neutrally charged pieces of paper. This causes any uncharged matter to stick to the Earth like a bad case of static cling. This is the fundamental cause of gravity. Gravity is nothing more than a strong electrostatic field and therefore this unites the electrostatic and gravity force.
See article "What is Gravity?"
The evidence for the electrostatic field comes from direct measurements of the field at 120 volts/meter at ground level and the 300,000 volt difference between the Earth and space. Viewing the Earth as a positively charged ball would also explain why charge separation occurs in thunderclouds whereby the negative charges are attracted to the bottom of the cloud while the positive charges are attracted to the top.
This overall charge separation may explain the origin of Earths magnetic field. As charges are separated in the atmosphere, they are driven at different speeds and directions in the upper and lower atmosphere. These unbalanced charges act as moving charge masses which generate their own magnetic field. Charts of movement and direction of the Earths local magnetic field match charts of the wind currents on the Earth. This magnetic field caused by the atmospheric jump starts the main magnetic field in the iron core of the spinning Earth. In this way, the primary direction of the North/South poles is determined by the overall sum of the atmospheric currents. A reversal of the poles could just be a matter of a change in the weather to drive the poles in the opposite direction.
See article "Origin of Earth's Magnetic Field"
Since gravity is caused by an overall positive electrostatic charge on an object, this would mean that all astronomical objects like the Earth and Moon would be positively charged. They do not repel each other since most of the mass (99.999999999%) of astronomical objects still neutrally charged. The neutrally charged matter is still attracted to any strong electrostatic force. The attraction of the neutrally charged matter overwhelms the repulsion created by the tiny amount of charged matter. So similarly charged objects, do not necessarily repel. The net force is the result of the attraction of the neutral matter versus the repelling of the similarly charged matter. So the Earth and Moon can both be net positively charged, but still attract.
At larger intergalactic scales, the net positive charge of all objects may not get cancelled out by the presence of neutral matter because at this scale, galaxies begin to look like one huge positively charged particle and they repel each other at intergalactic distances. This may explain why matter appears to repel each other at this scale and form into bubbles and sheets from a sort of anti-gravity effect which has been described as the dark energy.
The electrostatic gravitational force bears down on all normal matter, but it also affects the aether since the aether is made up of dipoles which are attracted to the electrostatic charge of the Earth. This causes the aether to build up much denser closer to the Earth than farther away. It does this in a manner which is similar to how the atmosphere is denser towards the ground. The aether may act exactly like the atmosphere in that it is normally dragged along with the Earth and if you are in a room with no air movement, the aether is still as well. This could explain the null results of the Michelson-Morely experiment which is used to disprove the existence of the aether but really only showed that the aether was not moving.
The gravitational compression of the aether may also occur futher out in the solar system and galaxies. This causes areas of high gravitation to actually contain more aether than areas which do not have gravitational sources. This effectively increases the amount of mass contained in the solar system and the galaxy. This may explain 'dark mass' as the extra mass needed to keep galaxies in the formations that we see.
The gravitational effect of the aether may also explain 'dark energy' which appears to push galaxies out into forming bubbles and sheet-like structures. The reason why this occurs is that aether is the densest substance in the universe, so it wants to gravitationally clump together. It clumps together forming huge bubbles of pure aether and it pushes all other real matter (which is less dense) out to the edge like a soap bubble.
See article "Dark matter and dark energy are cause only by gravity and the boyancy effect"
The changing aether density also produces time dilation effects. Clocks in a higher density aether, run slower than clocks in a lighter density aether. The reason for this is that every activity (like atoms resonating in an atomic clock) is mediated by the aether and if there are more aether particles between point A and point B, it takes longer for any effect from point A to reach point B simply because it has to go past more particles. So this explains why clocks run slower on the Earth, than they do in orbit. The rate that a mechanical clock runs is a function of the density of the aether that it is running in. This also explains the bending of light around massive objects since the density changes produce a simple refraction effect through the aether.
See article "What causes time dialation?"
Another time dilation effect may also be caused by an object traveling through the aether. As an object goes faster through the aether, this also has the effect of putting more particles between any fixed point A and B. This will also slow down any mechanical clock and may explain the time dilation effects seen on atomic clocks which are placed in motion.
At the smallest scale, atoms are formed from free electrons and protons that are not bound into the aether matrix. They also tend to form into an alternating proton/electron matrix. They tend to form the most compact form possible but are always an evenly spaced alternating checkerboard matrix of protons and electrons. The atom is not a compact nucleus containing only protons and neutrons with the electrons on the outside. Since there is not need to compress all of the protons into a tiny space, there is not need to have a strong force which keeps the protons together at close range.
The normal electrostatic force is sufficient to keep an alternating array of protons and electrons together. Therefore, the strong and weak forces can be eliminated as faulty figments of our mistaken view that the nucleus is a compact structure which only contains protons and neutrons. The view that atom contains a compact nucleus come from comparatively crude scattering experiments and are a very indirect measure of the size of the atom and its components.
See article "Why Rutherford was wrong"
Atoms, protons and electrons exist within the matrix of the aether, so in order to move, they must push the aether out of the way. The aether has a slight dipole, so it takes some energy to separate the aether particles. The amount of energy depends on the effective size of the particle. A larger sized particle takes more energy. In the case of a proton and an electron, the effective size of a proton is about 1800 times as large as an electron. This size is proportional to what we call mass, so a proton is about 1800 times as massive as an electron.
What we call mass is really a measure of how difficult it is to push an object through the aether. If we assume that the protons and electrons in atoms are separated and surrounded by at least 1 aether particle on all sides, then the total effort required to push an atom through the aether is just the sum of the efforts required for the protons and electrons that make up the atom. However, the binding of protons and electrons into neutrons may reduce the effective size of the pair and thus the mass. This would help explain why atoms have less mass than their individual components.
When a particle moves, it breaks apart an aether bond, but as it passes by, the aether bond will reform after the particle passes. When the bond reforms, it will propel the particle forward with the same energy it took to separate the aether bond in the first place. This is like a pea shooting out between two round attracting magnets. Since the energy is returned back to the particle, it can continue its forward movement by constantly breaking and reforming aether bonds. This keeps the particle in motion, once it is put into motion. This is the fundamental cause of inertia.
Since inertia only depends on the total number of particles in an object and since the force of gravity depends only on the number of proton/electron pairs which are contained in an object, the force of inertia and the gravitational force will be proportional to one another. The total number of particles in an object is generally twice the number of proton/electron pairs (which form a dipole which is attracted to a charge source). This is the reason for the linkage between inertial mass and gravitational mass.
The chemical properties of the atoms are determined by the geometrical shape of the atom formed by alternating protons and electrons. This shape also determines the ionization energy for the electrons in the atom. Electrons which are contained on the outside of the atom have a lower ionization energy than for those on the inside of the atom. The particular shape of the outside of the atom determines how many atoms can be attached. This is more like a tinker-toy model where each piece only has so many places where pegs can be attached. The atoms physically touch and mate together when they form chemical compounds.
See the cubic atomic model.
In summary, I have presented radically different solutions to some very serious problems in physics. In order for any of this to be true would mean that nearly everything we have learned about physics over the last 100 years is nearly backwards - as backwards as an Earth centered universe. Physics gets the right answer, but for the wrong reasons.
See Physics Wrong Turns
That's all folks, have fun with it.
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